Verifying 3G License Coverage Requirements

In the beginning of the 21’st century, the 3rd generation mobile phone systems, 3G, were introduced all around the world. In most countries, spectrum for this technology was allocated through some kind of licensing procedure. In Europe, the prevailing approach was to allocatespectrum through auctions, a process which led to a situation where the European operators found themselves committed to pay a staggering 130Bilion Euros for their 3G licenses.However, in most European countries, the fee was not the only obligation put on thelicensee: A coverage, “roll-out” requirement was in many cases also connected to the license(Northstream, 2002). Typically, these coverage requirements required that the licenseescover a certain area at a certain point in time after that the licenses had been awarded.In order for the regulators to verify that the licensees had met the coverage requirement and,hence, complied with the regulation, a method for coverage verification was needed. Suchmethods have therefore since then been developed by several European regulators (e.g. PTS2004; ECC 2007). In this book chapter we describe some general underlying consideration for the verification of radio coverage in UMTS systems and in particular we describe the Swedishmethodology developed by the Swedish Telecom regulator Post & Telestyrelsen (PTS).Qc 2012021

Scenario driven requirement engineering for design and deployment of mobile communication networks

The numbers of users and usage of mobile data service are increasing dramatically due to the introduction of smartphones and mobile broadband dongles. For the next decade the mobile broadband market is expected to grow and reach a level where the average data consumption per user is orders of magnitude greater than today. For the telecom industry it is a magnificent challenge to design and deploy these s high-capacity wireless networks taking into account limitations in cost, energy and radio spectrum. The objective of this paper is to highlight the need to consider a multitude of scenarios for the requirements, design and deployment of mobile broad band networks. The R&D has for many years been targeting high peak data rates enabled by improved spectral efficiency, adding more spectrum bands, aggregation of frequency bands and offloading to local wireless networks connected via public fixed phones or broadband. However, many of these features driving the technology development are representative for the conditions in US and Western Europe. The wireless networks also need to be designed assuming deployment in regions in the world where both the availability of spectrum as well as the penetration of fixed phones and broadband are limited. --Mobile broadband networks,cost and capacity,spectrum,deployment strategies,telecommunications,management of technology and R&D,economic development of natural resources

The dynamics of tethers and space-webs

The thesis 'The dynamics of tethers and space-webs' investigates the motion of the Motorized Momentum Exchange Tether (MMET) on an inclined orbit, and while deploying and retracting symmetric payloads. The MMET system is used as a basis for examining the stability of space-webs using a triangular structure of tethers while rotating. The motion of small robots is introduced as they move on the space-web, and their motions are found to influence the behaviour of the structure. Several methods of limiting the destabilising influences of the robots are considered, and are found to stabilise the web in most circumstances. A structured method for describing the rotations of a tether system is outlined, and different rotational systems are compared. This lays the foundation for the further chapters examining MMET dynamics on an inclined orbit and while deploying and recovering the payloads. Lagrange's equations are generated for the three cases, and are solved using standard numerical integration techniques. To emphasise the practical uses of the MMET system, several missions are analysed by using the system as a re-usable launcher for micro-satellite payloads.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

BRCA2 polymorphic stop codon K3326X and the risk of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers

Background: The K3326X variant in BRCA2 (BRCA2*c.9976A>T; p.Lys3326*; rs11571833) has been found to be associated with small increased risks of breast cancer. However, it is not clear to what extent linkage disequilibrium with fully pathogenic mutations might account for this association. There is scant information about the effect of K3326X in other hormone-related cancers. Methods: Using weighted logistic regression, we analyzed data from the large iCOGS study including 76 637 cancer case patients and 83 796 control patients to estimate odds ratios (ORw) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for K3326X variant carriers in relation to breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer risks, with weights defined as probability of not having a pathogenic BRCA2 variant. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, we also examined the associations of K3326X with breast and ovarian cancer risks among 7183 BRCA1 variant carriers. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The K3326X variant was associated with breast (ORw = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.40, P = 5.9x10- 6) and invasive ovarian cancer (ORw = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.43, P = 3.8x10-3). These associations were stronger for serous ovarian cancer and for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer (ORw = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.70, P = 3.4x10-5 and ORw = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.76, P = 4.1x10-5, respectively). For BRCA1 mutation carriers, there was a statistically significant inverse association of the K3326X variant with risk of ovarian cancer (HR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.84, P = .013) but no association with breast cancer. No association with prostate cancer was observed. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that the K3326X variant is associated with risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers independent of other pathogenic variants in BRCA2. Further studies are needed to determine the biological mechanism of action responsible for these associations

Remissvar: Från analog till digital marksänd radio : en plan från digitalradiosamordningen (SOU 2014:77)

QC 20181024</p

Implications of Dual Band Functionality on Base Station Antenna Development

The recent growth in cellular communications has rapidly created a need for more radio channels. In order to make better use of the available frequency bands new access techniques such as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency DMA) and CDMA (Code DMA) have been introduced. Still, the need for new channels is strong and new frequency bands have therefore been allocated for wireless communication systems. These new communication systems, e.g. the European Personal Communication Network (PCN: 1710-1880MHz) and the North American Personal Communication System (PCS: 1850-1990MHz), use frequencies about twice as high as their predecessors (e.g. AMPS: 824-894MHz and GSM: 880-960MHz). However, at a time when our downtown areas already are littered with antennas, operators are not keen to install more. One solution could be to replace existing GSM or AMPS antennas with dual band GSM/PCN or AMPS/PCS. This would reduce the windload of the towers, the number of feeder cables and the whole  cost of tower installations. If the dual band antennas were to be dual polarized also, the four antennas today being needed for receiving the PCN and GSM bands in a sector, could actually be replaced by one only.QCR 20181212</p

Svar till PTS konsultation inför planerad tilldelning av frekvensutrymme i 2,3- och 3,5 GHz-banden samt tilldelning av frekvensutrymme för lokala tillstånd

KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS) har beretts möjlighet att ge sin syn på PTS ”Konsultation inför planerad tilldelning av frekvensutrymme i 2,3- och 3,5 GHz-banden samt tilldelning av frekvensutrymme för lokala tillstånd”, PTS DNR 18-8496. KTH anser att det är olyckligt att PTS frångår principen om teknikneutrala band. Vi förstår att i detta fall finns inga alternativ men råder PTS att arbeta för att framtida spektrumtilldelning sker på teknikneutral basis då inlåsning av frekvensband till specifika tekniker inte bidrar till innovation. TDD medger ett mer effektivt utnyttjande av spektrum i fallet då nedlänkstrafik dominerar. Denna vinst måste dock vägas mot det faktum att co-ordinering och synkronisering av och mellan operatörernas nät hämmar konkurrensen. En möjlig framtida lösning är att 3.5 bandet enbart används för nedlänk och att upplänk sker i annat band (tex 1800 bandet).  Slutligen så bör spektrumvillkoren vara oberoende av de nu existerande aktörerna. För att även öppna upp för flera och ev nya operatörer så föreslår vi att hela bandet 3,4 - 3,8GHz bjuds ut vid denna auktion.QC 20190311</p

The influence of increased interocular lightscatter on the contrast in a confocal scanning laserophthalmoscope image

the influence of increased intraocular light scatter on image quality in a confocal scanning laserophthalmoscope (CSLO) is quntified through computer simulations and model eye experiments.QCR 20181119</p

WIRELESS 2025 : PROVIDING SECURE AND RELIABLECOMMUNICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

SIMPLY PUT, TODAY’S communication universeis divided into two worlds. The big one is whereyou send e-mail, stream music, watch moviesand upload cat videos to Facebook. It’s largescale,commercial, cost-efficient and reasonablytolerant of lags and downtime.The small world, on the other hand, is theone that keeps you alive. It’s public service,obsessed with safety, security and integrity,and relentlessly reliable. It’s the system thatkeeps communication lines open in disasterzones, operates machinery in toxic environmentsand will allow doctors to perform remotesurgery.Due to the free-market emphasis on costeffectiveness,these two worlds are not likely tomerge in the future. If anything, the dividebetween them will become more pronounced.But while the big world has a well-defined businessmodel up and running, the small one hassome critical challenges to face in the comingyears. How it manages those challenges is thefocus of this paper.QC 20211208</p

Implications of Dual Band Functionality on Base Station Antenna Development

The recent growth in cellular communications has rapidly created a need for more radio channels. In order to make better use of the available frequency bands new access techniques such as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency DMA) and CDMA (Code DMA) have been introduced. Still, the need for new channels is strong and new frequency bands have therefore been allocated for wireless communication systems. These new communication systems, e.g. the European Personal Communication Network (PCN: 1710-1880MHz) and the North American Personal Communication System (PCS: 1850-1990MHz), use frequencies about twice as high as their predecessors (e.g. AMPS: 824-894MHz and GSM: 880-960MHz). However, at a time when our downtown areas already are littered with antennas, operators are not keen to install more. One solution could be to replace existing GSM or AMPS antennas with dual band GSM/PCN or AMPS/PCS. This would reduce the windload of the towers, the number of feeder cables and the whole  cost of tower installations. If the dual band antennas were to be dual polarized also, the four antennas today being needed for receiving the PCN and GSM bands in a sector, could actually be replaced by one only.QCR 20181212</p